زيد محمد المقبل
المصادر:
(*) نُشرت هذه الدراسة في مجلة المستقبل العربي العدد 477 في تشرين الثاني/نوفمبر 2018.
(**) زيد محمد المقبل: باحث، ماجستير في الاقتصاد السياسي الدولي.
البريد الإلكتروني: [email protected]
[1] Andrew Heywood, Global Politics (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2011), pp. 2-3.
[2] Federica Caso and Caitlin Hamilton, Popular Culture and World Politics: Theories, Methods, Pedagogies (Bristol: E-International Relations Publishing, 2015), p. 12.
[3] Muhittin Ataman, «The Impact of Non-State Actors on World Politics: A Challenge to Nation-States,» Alternatives: Turkish Journal of International Relations, vol. 2, no. 1 (2003), p. 42.
[4] John Baylis and Steve Smith, The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations (London; New York: Oxford University Press, 1997), pp. 594–596.
[5] المصدر نفسه، ص 617 – 622.
[6] المصدر نفسه، ص 597 – 599.
[7] Thomas G. Weiss, D. Conor Seyle and Kelsey Coolidge, «The Rise of Non- State Actors in Global Governance: Opportunities and Limitations,» (Broomfield- USA: A One Earth Future Discussion Paper, 2013), pp. 4-6.
[8] Ataman, «The Impact of Non-State Actors on World Politics: A Challenge to Nation-States,» pp. 43-44.
[9] Seyom Brown, New Forces, Old Forces and the Future of World Politics (New York: Harper Collins College Publishers, 1995), p. 268.
[10] Ataman, Ibid., p. 43.
[11] Weiss, Seyle and Coolidge, «The Rise of Non- State Actors in Global Governance: Opportunities and Limitations,» pp. 8-10.
[12] Baylis and Smith, The Globalization of World Politics: An Introduction to International Relations, pp. 594-596.
[13] United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime [UNODC], The Globalization of Crime: A Transnational Organized Crime Threat Assessment (Genève: United Nations Publication, 2010), p. 25.
[14] Yuriy A. Voronin, «Measures to Control Transnational Organized Crime,» (National Criminal Justice Reference Service, 2000), pp. 1-2, <https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/184773.pdf>.
[15] Neil Boister, «Transnational Crime Law,» European Journal of International Law, vol. 14, no. 5 (2003), pp. 954-955.
[16] United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (2000), p. 11.
[17] UNODC, The Globalization of Crime: A Transnational Organized Crime Threat Assessment, p. 25.
[18] Frank J. Marine, «The Threats Posed by Transnational Crime and Organized Crime Groups,» United States, Resource Material Series, no. 54, p. 25, <http://www.unafei.or.jp/english/pdf/RS_No54/No54_06VE_Marine.pdf>.
[19] John R. Wagley, «Transnational Organized Crime: Principal Threats and U.S. Responses,» (GRS Report for Congress Congressional Research Service, United States, 2006), p. 6.
[20] القدرات السيبرانية (Cyber Capabilities): تعني الإمكانات والبُنى التحتية في مجال التكنولوجيا الرقمية التي تستخدم لأغراض غير مشروعة، والتي تتم عبر الفضاء السيبراني، أي الفضاء الرقمي أو الإلكتروني، الذي يشير إلى الإنترنت وشبكات الاتصالات وأنظمة الكمبيوتر وأجهزة التحكم الإلكترونية وبرمجياتهما. انظر:
Alexander Klimburg and Heli Tirmaa-Klaar, «Cybersecurity and Cyberpower: Concept, Conditions and Capabilities for Cooperation for Action within the EU,» (European Parliament Press, Belgium, 2011), pp. 5-9.
[21] The White House, Strategy to Combat Transnational Organized Crime (Washington, DC: United States, National Security Council, 2011), pp. 5-10.
[22] William Mendel and Peter McCabe, SOF Role in Combating Transnational Organized Crime (MacDill Air Force Base, Florida: The Joint Special Operations University Press, 2016), pp. 1-2.
[23] Emilio Viano, «Globalization, Transnational Crime and State Power: The Need for a New Criminology,» Rivista di Criminology, Vittimologia e Sicurezza, vol. 4, no. 1 (2010), p. 64.
[24] UNODC, The Globalization of Crime: A Transnational Organized Crime Threat Assessment, p. ii.
[25] Marine, «The Threats Posed by Transnational Crime and Organized Crime Groups,» pp. 25-26.
[26] Ambassador Adam, «State of the Illicit Economy,» Reconnaissance Tax Stamp News, vol. 9, no. 4 (2017), p. 1.
[27] Moises Naim, «Illicit: How Smugglers, Traffickers and Copycats Are Hijacking the Global Economy,» (Lecture by Moises Naim about the book: Illicit: How Smugglers, Traffickers and Copycats Are Hijacking the Global Economy, was delivered at the Inter-American Development Bank in Washington, DC on 6 December 2005, a part of the IDB Culture Center Program, pp. 3-4. <https://publications.iadb.org/handle/11319/6341>.
[28] Barry R McCaffrey, «Securing The Border: Understanding the Presence of Transnational Crime, United States,» (United States Senate Committee on Homeland Security and Governmental Affairs, Dirksen Senate Office Building, 2015), p. 3.
[29] Global Financial Integrity, Transnational Crime and the Development World (Washington, DC: Global Financial Integrity, 2017), p. xi.
[30] Global Financial Integrity, Transnational Crime in the Developing World (Washington, DC: Global Financial Integrity, 2011), p. 56.
[31] Michael Miklaucic and Jacqueline Brewer, Convergence: Illicit Networks and National Security in the Age of Globalization (Washington, DC: The Center for Complex Operations, National Defense University Press, 2013), p. 167.
[32] Wagley, «Transnational Organized Crime: Principal Threats and U.S. Responses,» p. 5, and Adam, «State of the Illicit Economy,» p. 1.
[33] Adam, Ibid., p. 2.
[34] Renee Novakoff, «Transnational Organized Crime: An Insidious Threat to U.S. National Security Interests,» PRISM Journal, vol. 5, no. 4 (2013), p. 142.
[35] Wagley, «Transnational Organized Crime: Principal Threats and U.S. Responses,» pp. 3-4.
[36] Brian M. Jenkins, «The New Age of Terrorism,» RAND Corporation, p. 124, <https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/reprints/2006/RAND_RP1215.pdf>.
[37] Miklaucic and Brewer, Convergence: Illicit Networks and National Security in the Age of Globalization, p. 173.
[38] Louise I. Shelley [et al.], Methods and Motives: Exploring Links between Transnational Organized Crime and International Terrorism (Washington, DC: Department of Justice, NCJRS Center, 2005), pp. 17-18.
[39] Wagley, «Transnational Organized Crime: Principal Threats and U.S. Responses,» p. 13.
[40] Douglas Farah, Transnational Organized Crime, Terrorism, and Criminalized States in Latin America: An Emerging Tier-One National Security Priority (Washington, DC: Army War College, Strategic Studies Institute, 2012), pp. 55-57, and Mendel and McCabe, SOF Role in Combating Transnational Organized Crime, p. 1.
[41] Wagley, Ibid., p. 13.
[42] Alvin Toffler and Heidi Toffler, Creating a New Civilization: The Politics of the Third Wave (Nashville, TN: Turner Publishing, 1995), pp. 285-287.
[43] Wagley, Ibid., pp. 13-14.
[44] Steve Bowman, Weapons of Mass Destruction: The Terrorist Threat (Washington, DC: Congressional Research Service, CRS Report for Congress, 2002), pp. 2-3.
[45] Miklaucic and Brewer, Convergence: Illicit Networks and National Security in the Age of Globalization, p. 173.
[46] Rachel Locke, Organized Crime, Conflict, and Fragility: A New Approach (New York: International Peace Institute, 2012), pp. 4-6.
[47] Novakoff, «Transnational Organized Crime: An Insidious Threat to U.S. National Security Interests,» p. 140.
[48] Miklaucic and Brewer, Convergence: Illicit Networks and National Security in the Age of Globalization, pp. 149-154.
[49] Farah, Transnational Organized Crime, Terrorism, and Criminalized States in Latin America: An Emerging Tier-One National Security Priority, pp. vii-viii.
[50] Locke, Organized Crime, Conflict, and Fragility: A New Approach, p. 6.
[51] Farah, Ibid., pp. 48 and 55.
[52] Locke, Ibid., pp. 87-88.
[53] James Cockayne and Adam Lupel, «Introduction: Rethinking the Relationship between Peace Operations and Organized Crime,» International Peacekeeping Journal, vol. 16, no. 1 (2009), pp. 11-12.
[54] Farah, Transnational Organized Crime, Terrorism, and Criminalized States in Latin America: An Emerging Tier-One National Security Priority, pp. 36-38.
[55] Miklaucic and Brewer, Convergence: Illicit Networks and National Security in the Age of Globalization, pp. 157-158.
[56] The White House, Strategy to Combat Transnational Organized Crime, pp. 5-10.
[57] Stewart Patrick, Weak Links: Fragile State, Global Threat and International Security (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2011), pp. 50-51.
[58] Miklaucic and Brewer, Convergence: Illicit Networks and National Security in the Age of Globalization, pp. 183-184
[59] Farah, Transnational Organized Crime, Terrorism, and Criminalized States in Latin America: An Emerging Tier-One National Security Priority, pp. 20-21.
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